Famous birthdays, deaths and events of 1854
Birthdays
- January 1 - Sir James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist (d. 1941)
- January 9 - Jennie Jerome, American society beauty and mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921)
- January 18 - Thomas Watson, American telephone pioneer (d. 1934)
- February 17 - Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902)
- March 4 - Sir Napier Shaw, British meteorologist (d. 1945)
- March 14 - Paul Ehrlich, German scientist
- March 14 - Alexandru Macedonski, Romanian writer (d. 1920)
- March 14 - John Lane, British publisher (d. 1925)
- March 14 - Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States of America (d. 1925)
- March 15 - Emil Adolf von Behring, German physician; Nobel laureate (d. 1917)
- March 21 - Alick Bannerman, Australian cricketer (d. 1924)
- April 1 - Bill Traylor, American artist (d. 1949)
- April 21 - William Stang, Roman Catholic Bishop (d. 1907)
- April 22 - Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer
- April 29 - Henri Poincaré, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
- May 11 - Jack Blackham, Australian cricketer (d. 1932)
- May 24 - John Riley Banister, American law officer and cowboy (d. 1918)
- June 8 - Douglas Colin Cameron, Canadian politician (d. 1921)
- June 18 - E.W. Scripps, American journalist and publisher (d. 1926)
- June 19 - Alfredo Catalani, Italian musician (d. 1893)
- June 26 - Robert Laird Borden, Canadian politician (d. 1937)
- July 3 - Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928)
- July 4 - Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)
- July 12 - George Eastman, American inventor (d. 1932)
- August 22 - Milan I, King of Serbia (d. 1901)
- August 23 - Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)
- August 26 - Arnold Fothergill, England cricketer (d. 1932)
- September 1 - Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)
- September 2 - Hans Jæger, Norwegian writer and political activist (d. 1910)
- September 17 - David Dunbar Buick, American automobile pioneer (d.1929)
- October 16 - Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- October 16 - Karl Kautsky, Marxist theoretician (d. 1938)
- October 18 - Billy Murdoch, Australian cricketer (d. 1911)
- October 20 - Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)
- October 24 - Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom, Dutch chemist (d. 1907)
- October 26 - C. W. Post, American entrepreneur (d. 1914)
- October 27 - Sir William Smith, Scottish founder of the Boys' Brigade (d. 1914)
- November 5 - Paul Sabatier, French chemist
- November 5 - Alphonse Desjardins, founder of the Caisses populaires Desjardins (d. 1920)
- November 6 - John Philip Sousa, American composer (d. 1932)
- November 8 - Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (d. 1919)
- November 17 - Hubert Lyautey, French general (d. 1934)
- November 21 - Pope Benedict XV, (d. 1922)
- December 23 - Henry B. Guppy, British botanist (d. 1926)
Deaths
- January 8 - William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford
- February 17 - John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
- March 6 - Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
- March 11 - Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
- March 13 - Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villèle
- April 15 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist
- April 19 - Robert Jameson, Scottish naturalist (b. 1774)
- April 22 - Nicolás Bravo, Mexican politician and soldier (b. 1786)
- April 29 - Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey
- June 7 - Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1792)
- July 4 - Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (b. 1781)
- July 6 - Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)
- August 11 - Macedonio Melloni, Italian physicist (b. 1798)
- December 9 - Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
Events
- January 4 - The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.
- January 5 - The San Francisco steamer sinks, killing 300 people.
- February 17 - The British recognizes the independence of the Orange Free State.
- February 23 - The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
- February 28 - The Republican Party of the United States is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin.
- March 1 - German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; two years later his remains are found in a canal near Charlottenburg.
- March 8 - U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry makes his second landing in Japan, where he would conclude a treaty with the Japanese within a month.
- March 27 - Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.
- March 28 - Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia.
- March 31 - Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- April 1 - Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens magazine, Household Words.
- May 30 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law establishing the US territories of Nebraska and Kansas.
- June 10 - The first class of the United States Naval Academy students graduate.
- June 21 - First Victoria Cross won during bombardment of Bomarsund in the Aland Islands.
- July 6 - In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the United States Republican Party is held.
- July 13 - In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General Jose Maria Yanez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset Boulbon.
- August 4 - The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships.
- September 20 - Battle of Alma: British and French troops defeat Russians in the Crimea.
- September 27 - The steamship SS Arctic sinks with 300 people on board. This marks the first great disaster in the Atlantic Ocean.
- October 1 - The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Massachusetts, to become the Waltham Watch Company, a pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.
- October 6 - The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead starts shortly after midnight, leading to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.
- October 9 - Crimean War: The siege of Sebastopol begins.
- October 21 - Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to the Crimean War.
- October 25 - The Battle of Balaklava during the Crimean War (Charge of the Light Brigade).
- November 5 - The Battle of Inkerman is fought during the Crimean War.
- November 15 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is given the necessary royal concession.
- December 3 - Eureka Stockade: In what is claimed by many to be the birth of Australian democracy, more than 20 goldminers at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.
- December 8 - Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Virgin Mary was born free of original sin.
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