Famous birthdays, deaths and events of 1868
Birthdays
- January 1 - Snitz Edwards, American actor (d. 1937)
- January 6 - Vittorio Monti, Italian composer (Csardas) (d. 1922)
- January 9 - S. P. L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (d. 1939)
- January 11 - Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator (d. 1940)
- January 26 - Juventino Rosas, Mexican composer (d. 1894)
- January 31 - Theodore William Richards, American chemist
- February 23 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
- March 15 - Grace Chisholm Young, English mathematician (d. 1944)
- March 22 - Robert Millikan, American physicist
- March 23 - Dietrich Eckart, early supporter of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party and member of Thule Society (d. 1923)
- March 25 - William Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932)
- March 26 - King Fuad I of Egypt, (d. 1936)
- March 28 - Maxim Gorky, Russian author (d. 1936)
- April 1 - Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (d. 1918)
- April 10 - George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946)
- April 12 - Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese naval commander (d. 1918)
- April 14 - Peter Behrens, German architect (d. 1940)
- April 22 - Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, (d. 1924)
- April 25 - John Bevins Moisant, pioneer aviator
- April 28 - Lucy Booth, the fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1953)
- April 28 - Georgy Voronoy, Russian mathematician (d. 1908)
- May 6 - Gaston Leroux, French writer (d. 1927)
- May 10 - Ed Barrow, American baseball manager (d. 1953)
- May 17 - Horace Elgin Dodge, American automobile manufacturer (d. 1920)
- May 18 - Nicholas II of Russia, Tsar of Russia (d. 1918)
- May 24 - Charles E. Taylor, First aircraft maintenance professional (d. 1956)
- June 5 - James Connolly, Irish socialist (d. 1916)
- June 6 - Robert Falcon Scott, English explorer (d. 1912)
- June 7 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect
- June 14 - Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician
- June 18 - Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and regent (d. 1957)
- June 21 - Edwin Stephen Goodrich, English zoologist (d. 1946)
- June 29 - George Ellery Hale, American astronomer (d. 1938)
- July 4 - Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921)
- July 6 - Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom, (d. 1935)
- July 12 - Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933)
- July 14 - Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist
- July 20 - Miron Cristea, 1st Patriarch of All Romania (d. 1939)
- August 2 - King Constantine I of Greece, (d. 1923)
- August 6 - Paul Claudel, French poet (d. 1955)
- August 7 - Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian mathematician (d. 1931)
- August 16 - Bernarr McFadden, American publisher (d. 1955)
- August 20 - Ellen Roosevelt, American tennis player (d. 1954)
- August 23 - Edgar Lee Masters, American author (d. 1950)
- August 25 - Nikolaos Levidis, Greek shooter
- September 1 - Henri Bourassa, French Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952)
- September 6 - Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1947)
- September 9 - Mary Hunter Austin, American writer (d. 1934)
- September 17 - James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956)
- October 18 - Ernst Didring, Swedish author (d. 1931)
- October 24 - Alexandra David-Néel, French explorer and writer (d. 1969)
- November 4 - Carolina Otero, a.k.a La Belle Otero
- November 8 - Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (d. 1942)
- November 10 - Gichin Funakoshi, Japanese martial artist (d. 1957)
- November 17 - Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918)
- November 22 - John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
- November 24 - Scott Joplin, Ragtime Composer (d. 1917)
- December 4 - Jesse Burkett, American baseball player (d. 1953)
- December 5 - Arnold Sommerfeld, German physicist (d. 1951)
- December 9 - Fritz Haber, German chemist
- December 20 - Harvey Firestone, American automobile pioneer (d. 1938)
- December 24 - Emanuel Lasker, German chess player (d. 1941)
Deaths
- February 11 - Léon Foucault, French astronomer (b. 1819)
- February 29 - Ludwig I of Bavaria, (b. 1786)
- March 4 - Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer of the Chisholm Trail (b. 1805)
- March 28 - James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
- April 3 - Franz Berwald, Swedish composer and inventor (b. 1796)
- April 7 - D'Arcy McGee, Canadian journalist and Father of Confederation (b. 1825)
- April 13 - Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1818)
- April 21 - Henry James O'Farrell, Australian would-be assassin of Prince Alfred
- May 7 - Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)
- May 10 - Henry Bennett, American politician (b. 1808)
- May 17 - Isami Kondo, Shinsengumi Commander (b. 1834)
- May 22 - Julius Plücker, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1801)
- May 23 - Kit Carson, American trapper
- May 29 - Michael Obrenovich III, Prince of Serbia (b. 1823)
- May 30 - Souji Okita, 1st Captain of the Shinsengumi (b. 1823)
- June 1 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791)
- June 22 - Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (b. 1801)
- June 25 - Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist (b. 1811)
- July 6 - Sanosuke Harada, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840)
- July 19 - Soji Okita, Japanese samurai (b. 1842 or 1844)
- August 5 - Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, French archaeologist (b. 1788)
- September 6 - Pierre Adolphe Rost, Louisiana judge
- September 19 - William Sprague, American minister and politician from (b. 1809)
- September 26 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790)
- October 17 - Laura Secord, Canadian heroine of the war of 1812 (b. 1775)
- November 13 - Gioacchino Rossini, Italian composer (b. 1792)
- November 19 - Ivane Andronikashvili, Georgian general (b. 1798)
- December 6 - August Schleicher, German linguist (b. 1821)
- December 13 - Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist (b. 1794)
- December 24 - Adolphe d'Archiac, French paleontologist and geologist (b. 1802)
- December 25 - Linus Yale, Jr.
Events
- January 3 - Meiji Restoration in Japan: The Tokugawa shogunate is abolished; agents of Satsuma and Chōshū seize power.
- February 16 - In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
- February 24 - The first parade to have floats is staged at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- February 24 - Andrew Johnson becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. He is later acquitted in the Senate.
- March 5 - A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson.
- March 5 - Mefistofele, an opera by Arrigo Boito premieres at La Scala.
- March 12 - Henry O'Farrell attempts to assassinate Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
- March 23 - The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law.
- March 24 - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.
- March 27 - The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.
- April 7 - Thomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the Canadian Fathers of Confederation is assassinated by the Irish, in one of the few Canadian political assassinations, and the only one of a federal politician.
- April 10 - At Arogee in Abyssinia, British and Indian forces defeat an army of Emperor Theodore. While 700 Ethiopians are killed and many more injured, only two die from the British/Indian troops.
- April 11 - The Shogunate is abolished in Japan.
- April 13 - Abyssinian War ends as British and Indian troops capture Magdala.
- May 9 - The city of Reno, Nevada, is founded.
- May 14 - Japanese Boshin War: end of the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, former Shogunate forces withdraw northward to Aizu by way of Nikkō.
- May 16 - President Andrew Johnson is acquitted in his impeachment trial by one vote in the United States Senate.
- May 26 - The impeachment trial of U.S. President Andrew Johnson ends, with Johnson being found not guilty by one vote.
- May 29 - The assassination of Michael Obrenovich III, Prince of Serbia, in Belgrade.
- May 30 - Decoration Day (the predecessor of the modern "Memorial Day") is observed in the United States for the first time (By "Commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic" John A. Logan's proclamation on May 5).
- June 1 - Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed allowing the Navajos to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.
- June 23 - Christopher Latham Sholes receives a patent for Type-Writer.
- July 9 - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
- July 25 - Wyoming becomes a United States territory.
- July 28 - The 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is passed, establishing African-American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
- August 16 - Arica, Peru (now Chile) is devastated by a tsunami which followed a magnitude 8.5 earthquake in the Peru-Chile Trench off the coast. The earthquake and tsunami killed an estimated 25,000 people in Arica and perhaps 70,000 people in all.
- August 18 - French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen discovers helium.
- September 23 - Grito de Lares (Lares Revolt) occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
- September 25 - The Imperial Russian steam frigate Alexander Neuski is shipwrecked off Jutland while carrying Grand Duke Alexei of Russia.
- September 28 - Battle of Alcolea causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.
- October 7 - Cornell University holds opening day ceremonies; initial student enrollment is 412, the highest at any American university to that date.
- October 10 - Carlos Céspedes issues the Grito de Yara from his plantation, La Demajagua, proclaiming Cuba's independence.
- November 2 - Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time to be observed nationally
- November 27 - Indian Wars: Battle of Washita River
- November 30 - The inauguration of a statue of King Charles XII of Sweden takes place in the King's garden in Stockholm.
- December 10 - The first traffic lights are installed outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.
- December 15 - Shogunate rebels found Ezo Republic in Hokkaid¨.
- December 25 - U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War Confederate soldiers.
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